COVID PROFILE is a study of COVID-19 immunity. 

The study aims to understand more about the factors that make a person susceptible to coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, and how infection, or vaccination, builds up a person’s immunity to the virus and for how long that protection lasts.

This study is addressing these questions in two key ways:

• comparing immune responses between people who have experienced coronavirus infection with those who have not been infected
• comparing an individual’s immune response before and after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine to those who acquired an immune response as a result of a COVID-19 infection

FAQs

• Why are you conducting a study of people's immune responses to COVID-19?
• How will this study help us fight COVID-19?
• Who can participate in the study?
• What results has the study found so far?
• What samples were collected during the study?
• Why study people for 12 months after they have had COVID-19?
• Why are you also studying people who have not had COVID-19?
• Are other studies investigating immunity to COVID-19?
• How does this study differ from other studies of COVID-19?
• Is this study needed now that vaccines are available?
• How will you ensure privacy of the participants?
• Who is funding the COVID PROFILE study?
• Who approved the COVID PROFILE study?
• Next steps

Why are you conducting a study of people’s immune responses to COVID-19?

In most cases, when people get infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, the immune system quickly marshals its defences. The symptoms remain modest and clear up quickly, after the infection is eliminated. However, in some patients this defence does not work as effectively, and the patient will develop severe disease.

Importantly, we still do not understand what aspects of a person’s immune response result in mild versus severe infection and, critically, we do not know how long COVID-19 immunity lasts and protects people after they have recovered. 

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How will this study help us fight COVID-19?

Understanding why some people get severely ill, while others do not, will help us identify biomarkers to predict which people are at higher risk of developing severe disease and may need extra medical assistance. It will also enable us to find new treatments that can help strengthen people’s immune systems to help them recover faster.

A better knowledge of how immunity to COVID-19 is acquired and how long it lasts is essential to developing effective vaccines and vaccination strategies. 

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Who can participate in the study?

Enrolment in the COVID PROFILE study has now closed.

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What results has the study found so far?

Interim analysis of the results of the study have found that one third of COVID-19 patients in the study were still experiencing Long COVID symptoms up to 45 weeks post-diagnosis. 

Most people showed robust antibody responses for up to 100 days after diagnosis. But 16 per cent of patients in the study had no detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies six months after diagnosis.

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What samples were collected during the study?

We can best study the immune system by looking at white blood cells and antibodies in your blood. The study will collect blood samples at regular intervals throughout the course of 12 months. To find out how the environment in the nose and throat may affect people’s immunity, we will also ask permission to collect nasal swabs and saliva.

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Why study people for 12 months after they have had COVID-19?

In most infections, immunity is strongest at the point of recovery. After that, it starts decreasing. In some infections, such as influenza, immunity rapidly wanes, and people can become re-infected as quickly as six months later. In other infections, such as measles, the protection is life-long, and people cannot become reinfected with the virus. 

By studying how your immune responses change during the 12 months after you have recovered, we can identify if and how immune memory is built up and predict how long it may last. 

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Why are you also studying people who have not had COVID-19?

An infection with COVID-19 changes the immune system. To understand exactly how, we need to also study how the immune system is prepared to fight infection in people who have never had COVID-19. This comparison allows us to better identify how immune responses contribute to symptoms, recovery and future protection.

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Are other studies investigating immunity to COVID-19?

Many scientists around the world are studying immune responses to COVID-19. Our team is working closely with our scientific and clinical colleagues across Australia and internationally to contribute to these efforts. 

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How does this study differ from other studies of COVID-19?

Our study differs from most other studies in the breadth and depth of immune factors it is looking at. Our team of immunologists and infectious disease researchers are conducting multi-level analyses to allow us to look at how the different parts of the immune system combine to respond to COVID-19, in order to gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to people’s risk of contracting the virus and their protection against reinfection. 

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Is this study needed now that vaccines are available?

Understanding immunity to coronavirus, how it is established, and how long it is protective against new infections will be critical for vaccination strategies. How frequently we may need boosters or re-vaccination, if at all, is an important aspect of the study. We also want to identify vulnerable groups that may need additional vaccination or alternative therapeutic strategies.

The vaccination component of our study is investigating this area in detail. 

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How will you ensure the privacy of participants?

Once samples have been collected, they are coded with a number that cannot be traced to individual participants by the research team. Only the nurse collecting the samples, the project manager and the principal investigators will have access to participants' personal details. Personal information will be stored in a password protected database.

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Who is funding the COVID PROFILE study?

The study is being funded by WEHI, the World Health Organisation’s UNITY study and philanthropic supporters.

The study is not currently funded by any other government, private or industry sources.

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Who approved the COVID PROFILE study?

COVID PROFILE has been reviewed and approved by the independent Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of WEHI and the Melbourne Health HREC. 

COVID PROFILE conforms to the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.

Further information

• About the COVID PROFILE study
• Find out more about WEHI's COVID-19 response